Resolution
Question Q183
Employers' rights to
intellectual property
AIPPI Considering:
a) That the large majority
of subject matter protected by intellectual
property in today’s world is
created within the framework of an employment
relationship.
b) That the existence
of considerable differences between
national laws concerning employers’
and employees’ rights to intellectual
property causes complications and problems
for
cross border R&D both within multinational
enterprises and for cooperation between
companies
c) That the ownership of the intellectual
property rights should be governed by
harmonised
rules since it has an impact on their
prosecution and their enforcement.
Further considering:
d) That any proposal
for harmonisation should take into accounts
the essential differences existing between
the legal systems concerning particularly
initial ownership of intellectual
property rights.
e) That where the employee
has the initial ownership, the employer
should have a right to assignment of
the creations made by the employee within
the framework of the employment
relationship.
f) That the development
of new creations may be favoured by
legal rules or contractual stipulations
which give an incentive to the employees
to make such a creation.
And reminding:
g) That a distinction
may be made between the moral and the
economic rights to intellectual
property.
h) That the principle
of the freedom of contracts should apply
as a starting point to the rules
governing the attribution of intellectual
property.
i) That the conflict
of interests between employer and employee
regarding intellectual property
should be resolved by predictable and
transparent rules where the principle
of freedom of
contracts is limited by law.
j) And that rules which
would offer an incentive to the employees
in order to encourage them
to achieve new creations should consider
both employers’ and employees’ economic
interests
and be simple, both when they apply
to the evaluation of the eventual compensation
and to the terms of limitation.
Adopts the following
Resolution:
1) Employer should be
granted ownership by contract or law
of economic rights in the creations
carried out by the employees within
the framework of their employment relationship.
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2) Courts and authorities
which have jurisdiction in the field
of intellectual property rights
should also be competent to decide on
all disputes between employers and employees,
with respect to those rights.
In those disputes, although
a conciliation phase may be desirable
in certain circumstances,
it should not be mandatory in every
case.
3) When a claim of ownership
is necessary, the term of limitation
should be reasonably short
to avoid uncertainty as for the ownership
of rights and its financial consequences,
if any, and
the law should indicate clearly what
the starting point of the term of limitation
is.
4) Any compensation to
the employee for the assignment of the
rights for the creation to the
employer should be clearly determinable
and established in a simple way.
5) The harmonisation
of the rules of ownership of intellectual
property rights should be encouraged
particularly at the regional level and
the intergovernmental agreements regulating
regional IPR should provide rules on
the ownership of those rights.
6) The harmonization
of the rules of ownership of intellectual
property rights may be advanced
by means of rules of presumption and
by encouraging the adoption of model
standard contract
stipulations.
7) There should be clear
rules for the assignment of the rights
to the employers when such assignment
is necessary.
8) Employers’ rights
to intellectual property should not
restrict the employee’s entitlement
to
the recognition of the creative achievement
in an appropriate form.
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Q183
雇主对知识产权的权利（参考译文）
AIPPI考虑到：
a. 当今世界上受知识产权保护的主题大多数是在雇佣关系的框架下创造出来的。
b. 各国有关雇主和雇员对知识产权权利的法律之间存在的很多差异引发跨国企业公司之间超越国界的研究和发展以及公司间合作的许多纠纷和问题。
c. 知识产权权利的所有权对执行和实施知识产权权利具有影响，因而应受协调的规则管辖。
还考虑到：
d. 任何要协调的建议都应考虑到相关法律体系间存在的本质差异，特别是关于知识产权权利的最初所有权。
e. 雇员享有最初所有权时, 雇主应该有权利在雇佣关系的框架内将雇员的发明转让。
f. 新发明的开发可以受惠于法律规定或契约性条款规范，以刺激雇员做出这些发明。
并且提醒：
g. 对知识产权的道德权利和经济权利应该分开。
h. 作为规范知识产权分配规则的起点，合同的自由原则应该适用。
i. 在合同的自由度受法律限制的地方，雇主和雇员之间关于知识产权的利益冲突应该通过预见性和可转让规则解决。
j. 为了鼓励雇员完成新的创造，对雇员提供激励的规则应该考虑雇员和雇主双方的经济利益，而且在用它们来评估实际损失和期限时都要从简。
通过如下决议：
1．雇主应通过合同或者经济权利法在雇佣关系框架内对雇员所做出的创造获得所有权。
2．在知识产权权利领域有裁判权的法院和当局应该在决定有关这些权利的雇主和雇员之间的所有纷争中也能有合法权限。
尽管在某些情况下，协商在那些纷争里是可取的，但是在每一个案件中，它不应是强制的。
3．当一项所有权的要求必须时，期限应该合理地缩短以避免一旦发生所有权及其财政影响时的不确定性，并且，法律应该清楚地表明什么是期限的起点。
4．任何将发明的权利转让给雇主而对雇员的赔偿应能清楚地决定并以简单的方式规定。
5．应特别鼓励在地区性层次上对知识产权所有权法律进行协调，并且应该在规范地区性知识产权权利的政府间协议中就那些权利的所有权做出规定。
6．知识产权所有权法律的协调也许能通过推定规则的方法和鼓励采用示范标准合同条款来推进。
7．在这些权利必须转让时，将权利转让给雇主应该有明确的规则。
8．雇主对知识产权的权利不应限制以适当的方式对雇员的创造性成就承认的权利。
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